Measles

What is Measles?

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that spreads through coughing and sneezing. It can cause serious complications, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. The infection can be severe, leading to hospitalisation, and in rare cases, can be fatal.

Signs & Symptoms of Measles

Measles symptoms typically develop 7-14 days after exposure to the virus and include:

Early Symptoms (First 3-5 Days):

High fever (often over 38°C)
Cough
Runny nose
Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
Sore throat
Fatigue and loss of appetite

Later Symptoms (After 3-5 Days):

Koplik’s spots – Small white spots inside the mouth
Measles rash – Begins on the face and behind the ears before spreading across the body. The rash consists of flat red spots that may merge together.

How is Measles Spread?

Measles is one of the most infectious viruses and spreads through:

Droplets from coughs and sneezes (can remain in the air and on surfaces for up to 2 hours)
Direct contact with an infected person
Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your face

People with measles are contagious from 4 days before the rash appears until 4 days after it fades.

Treatment for Measles

There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Most cases improve within 7-10 days, but symptoms can be managed with:

Plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
Paracetamol or ibuprofen to reduce fever and ease discomfort (always check suitability for children)
Rest to allow the immune system to recover
Cool compresses & humidifiers to relieve cough and congestion
Avoid bright lights if eyes are sensitive
Vitamin A supplements (only advised for children under medical supervision)

When to Seek Medical Advice

Call your GP or seek urgent medical care if:

You or your child have difficulty breathing or severe coughing
Symptoms worsen instead of improving after a few days
There is persistent high fever (above 39°C) despite medication
You notice confusion, drowsiness, or seizures
There is severe ear pain (may indicate an ear infection)
The rash does not fade or is accompanied by bruising
You are pregnant and have been exposed to measles

Aftercare & Preventing the Spread

Stay home for at least 4 days after the rash appears to prevent spreading the virus.
Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
Wash hands frequently to reduce transmission.
Avoid contact with vulnerable individuals, such as babies, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems.
Clean and disinfect surfaces regularly to prevent further spread.

Measles can lead to complications such as pneumonia, ear infections, diarrhoea, and encephalitis (brain inflammation), so early medical intervention is important.

Measles Prevention

The best protection against measles is the MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella), which is part of the routine childhood immunisation programme in Ireland. Two doses provide over 99% protection against measles.

Who Should Get the MMR Vaccine?

Children receive the first dose at 12 months and the second dose at 4-5 years
Adults born after 1978 who have not had two doses of MMR should get vaccinated
People planning pregnancy should ensure they are fully vaccinated
Unvaccinated healthcare workers and international travellers are advised to check their MMR status

Learn more about measles from the HSE

For expert advice, visit your nearest Life Pharmacy.